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                               America.”

                Key Names,  anesthesia, gynecology, lung capacity, pulmonary function
                Dates, and
                Terms

                Guiding           1. What inaccurate and unfounded assumptions have doctors made
                Questions             throughout history about the bodies of enslaved black people, and how
                                      did they attempt to prove those assumptions?
                                  2. How have racist medical practices and attitudes influenced the medical
                                      treatment that black Americans have received throughout history, and
                                      continue to receive today?

               12. “American Popular Music” by Wesley Morris (pages 60–67)


                Excerpt        “When we’re talking about black music, we’re talking about horns, drums,
                               keyboards and guitars doing the unthinkable together. We’re also talking about
                               what the borrowers and collaborators don’t want to or can’t lift — centuries of
                               weight, of atrocity we’ve never sufficiently worked through, the blackness you
                               know is beyond theft because it’s too real, too rich, too heavy to steal.”

                Key Names,     appropriation, minstrelsy
                Dates, and
                Terms

                Guiding           1. How have popular musical and performance trends throughout history
                Questions             used traditions and styles developed by black Americans?
                                  2. How does the author describe black music and blackness in music?

               13. “Sugar” by Khalil Gibran Muhammad (pages 70–77)


                Excerpt        “None of this — the extraordinary mass commodification of sugar, its economic
                               might and outsize impact on the American diet and health — was in any way
                               foreordained, or even predictable, when Christopher Columbus made his
                               second voyage across the Atlantic Ocean in 1493, bringing sugar-cane stalks
                               with him from the Spanish Canary Islands. In Europe at that time, refined
                               sugar was a luxury product, the back-breaking toil and dangerous labor
                               required in its manufacture an insuperable barrier to production in anything
                               approaching bulk. It seems reasonable to imagine that it might have remained


               These materials were created to support ​The 1619 Project​, published in ​The New York Times Magazine​ August
               2019. You can find this and more educational resources at ​www.pulitzercenter.org/1619
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